The Gates of the Theodosian Walls
The Theodosian Walls of Constantinople had a total of ten main gates and several smaller entrances called posterns. These openings were essential for the...
Evidence from the Final Siege
Was There Water in the Moat?
One of the most important questions about the moat of Constantinople is whether it was filled with water—especially during...
Was the Moat Always Filled with Water?
Some historical writers described the moat of Constantinople as always filled with water, giving the city the appearance of being surrounded by the sea....
Monastir A Divided and Violent Town
Monastir is a town with about 60,000 people. It’s a mix of different groups: 14,000 Greeks, 10,000 Bulgarians, 4,000 to 5,000 Albanians, 2,000 to...
Greek and Bulgarian Bands in the Turkish Empire
At the end of 1904, the Turkish Ambassador in London told Lord Lansdowne that it was well-known that "bands" formed in Greece were carrying...
Bulgarian Resistance and Casualties
After the attack, between thirty and forty Bulgarians were killed by the Turks, either while resisting arrest or trying to escape. The involvement of...
A Diverse Population in Adrianople
The population of Adrianople is a mix of Turks, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. However, all the trade, commerce, and banking are controlled by foreigners....
The Bustling Streets of Adrianople
The scenes in Adrianople were full of typical Turkish disorder and laziness. The streets were crowded with people, but they looked unkempt and disorganized....
A Turkish Welcome
Not long before my arrival, Bulgarian revolutionaries had tried to help their friends in Macedonia by blowing up a bridge on the railway line...
Ongoing Balkan Tensions
The Unresolved Ethnic Struggle
While Austria’s recent triumph may temporarily discourage the Balkan Slavs, the racial conflict is likely to resurface. Behind the small kingdom...
